Application of Modern Technologies in Combating Security Threats in Nigeria

APPLICATION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN COMBATING SECURITY THREATS IN NIGERIAAbstractionThe supplement of offenses in Nigeria is upseting. The rate of incidents of abduction, plundering and vandalization of public public-service corporation installations atomic number 18 qualifying discouragementing. In this paper, an effort is made to propose ways of supervising somewhat of the public-service corporation installations. Wireless attain in Wide Area profit ( mad ) is recommended every bit good as turn uping the demodulator nodes inside manned Stationss in other to do it hard for culpable meddling of the detector elements. Most of the relay races and other equipment recommended argon already in cosmos. So the cost of execution of the monitoring systems will be low. central words monitoring, vandalization, dismaies, public-service corporation installations, moderne engineering.IntroductionThe state is soon faced with surge of warranter challenges. There atomic number 18 i nstances of terrorist act, abduction, plundering and vandalization of public utilities. There be incidents of oil subway take up and electric power installation vandalization. These astounding Acts of the Apostless have negative effects in our economic system and societal lives.Technology has simplified most of the undertakings just now whether we be good fit step up to follow these modern constructs in work outing these jobs is another inquiry.Nigeria successfully lunched her ain orbiter in the infinite, far off in China. We congratulated ourselves. At the least, it is a spring in the forward way but peerless uncertainties if we have started harvesting maximal benefits from itSatellite can be apply to work out our internal jobs, including security, because, non merely that it can be use to split offenses, but it can besides be used to browse felons. Satellite can be used to supervise our oil hollo moving ins and electric power installations that are often prone to va ndalization. If we were luckier and hold happy installations and good trained ramps, possibly the abduction of Chibok misss and other similar offenses would hold been nipped on the cod.Thank God, the federal authorities and others are turn toing the issues with the energy and zeal it deserves. Particular work index preparation in some of these modern engineerings is of extreme importance so that Nigeria can utilize her installations to work out her pressing domestic jobs.There are other methods, apart from major planet surveillance, that can be used to supervise our installations that are more frequently prone to vandalization. These methods are discussed in the undermentioned subdivisions.2.0 ELECTRIC POWER FACILITIES2.1 force-out transformer monitoringMore frequently, due to ignorance, power and distribution transformers are vandalized, age in hunt of the alleged quicksilverand/ ordiamond which produces visible radiation ( harmonizing to them ) . There is no such stuff in t he transformer that justifies such harm. The purpose of the vandals is ever to do out the transformer oil in other to catch the cherished stuffs and in the procedure harm the transformer.The transformer oil can be monitored in umteen ways, such as ( I ) usage of unstable degree sensing element ( two ) usage of gas relay.2.1.1 Fluid degree monitoring.There are two ways the politic degree can be monitored. ( I ) float mechanism method and ( two ) the immersed electrode method. The immersed electrode method can non be discussed here because transformer oil is non a good unison director of electricity.2.1.2 shove off mechanism methodIn this method, the float ball is meant to drive the variable resistor wiper such that the out put up electromotive force is relative to the tranquil degree. larn pattern.1.When the fluid degree beads to indicate E1, the wiper military position is at point Tocopherol on the variable resistor so that the end product electromotive force gets to the threshold ( fig 1a ) . The out put electromotive force is reborn to frequence which is modulated, amplified and transmitted to the security locations.At the security location, the signal is received, demodulated and rectified to direct current that is used to pick the relay, R in fig1b.Contacts, K1 and K11are used to exchange on the hearable and ocular dismaies, severally. cop fig2. flesh2 can be used for every bit m both transformers as possible at the inputs K1 to Kn ( hearable scandalise ) and K11to Kn1( ocular dismay ) .2.1.3 splash force per social unit country Relay ( Buchholze Relay )The introductory relay, shown in fig3, is designed to observe certain sum of gas in the transformer. The relay is ever rigid between the transformer chief armored combat vehicle and the curator armored combat vehicle.When oil is being drained from the transformer, glory replaces the displaced oil. At certain degree, the air builds up force per unit field of honor that is capable of r uning the quicksilver substitution which is pivoted as shown in fig3. The electromotive force from the butt on is converted to frequence and transmitted to the security piazzas for dismay coevals. The basic gas relay uses the quicksilver switches operated by air/gas force per unit area. One signifier of gas relay is shown in fig3 and the unoriginal diagrams are shown in Figs 4 and 2. When the gas relay operates, the contacts near and rest like that until the air content in the enclosure is removed.In Fig 3, the quicksilver switch is pivoted atVolt. When there is force per unit area from the gas, the switch jousts as shown, to enable the liquid quicksilver to bridge the two contacts and allows the govern of Columbia. electromotive force to go through on to the logic circuit. Stage-1 operates when there is peanut oil escape ( pressure=P1 ) at this phase, no outer dismay is generated. When there is high discharge of oil, gas force per unit area, P=P1.P2. At this phase, both qui cksilver switches operate to bring forth dismay ( figs 4 and 2 ) .2.2 ELECTRIC POWER LINE MonitoringIn electric power line monitoring, usage is made of the electric bulwark of the line, Z , which is normally quoted as R+JX per kilometre length of the music director. The line can be divided into four subdivisions ( S1, S2. S3 and S4 ) .If the length of the line is L, the relay scenes can be achieved as followsPrimary electric guard of the line,.Omega+is the positive sequence electric resistance of the line duration Z0is the nothing sequence constituent of the lineSecondary electric resistance, Zs, of the line=Zp*CTR/VTR ( 2 )Where CTR=Current transformer ratio andVTR=Voltage transformer ratio.Now assign the regulate of the relay as followsS1=25 % of the lineS2=50 % of the lineS3=70 % of the lineAnd S4= 100 % of the lineFor line subdivision, S1, the range,Section S2, the range,Section S3, the range,and S4=Zs*1.0The preen puting for the ranges is such that S1t & lt S2t & lt S3t & lt S4t. where Sxt is the dress up puting for subdivision Sx.The significance of these scenes is that the relay operates any clip it sees impedance less than the planned value after a preset clip. The indicants displayed by the relay will demo the subdivision of the line that is being vandalized. See fig 2.3.0 PIPE LINE MonitoringIn pipe line, one or more of the undermentioned parametric quantities can be monitored Discharge, Q=Va ( 7 )Pressure, P=F/a ( 8 )And speed, V=dx/dt ( 9 )Where, a= transverse sectional country of the pipeand F= the force driving the fluid*Where D is the diameter of the pipeSolving for D in Equ.10,*The wall abstruseness, T, of the Pipeline must be such to check the internal fluid force per unit area,P,in the thin or bass cylindrical grapeshot.Basically, the thin cylindrical equation will be employ whenStress across the word of mouth subdivision is unvaryingThe internal diameter of the grapevine subdivisionCalciferolis& gt 20t cyberspace ExplorerThe allowable emphasisis more than six times the force per unit area inside the pipePhosphorusInternet Explorer.The look for the, wall thickness,T,of the grapevine is given as,Where,is the capability of longitudinal articulation and C is the Weishack invariable3.1 Mathematical modelingSee a cylindrical denture of a force per unit area vas transporting oil fluid which is subjected to a high internal fluid force per unit area,p. The wall of the cylinder must be thick plenty to defy the force per unit area.Assuming that the tensile emphasiss are uniformly distributed over the subdivision of the walls, and if R0= outer radius of the cylindrical shell,RI= interior radius of the cylindrical shellT = thickness of the cylindrical shell = R0-RIP = strength of internal force per unit area= poissons ratio= digressive emphasis and= radial emphasis.Using lames jurisprudence Now, radial emphasis at any radiustenis given byNow if internal force per unit area, PI=P and external force per unit area, P0=0,From Equation 12, the digressive emphasis at any radius,ten,is given by.= 1+ ( 15 )= 1+( 16 )From Eqns. ( 15 ) and ( 16 ) , the digressive emphasis is a tensile whereas the radial emphasis is a compressive.Again, the digressive emphasis is Maximum at the interior near of the grapevine Internet Explorer.x= RIand it is minimal at the outer surface of the shell Internet Explorer.ten = R0By taking the value ofx=RIandten = R0in Equ. ( 15 ) and ( 16 ) , the Maximum digressive emphasis at the interior surface of the grapevine is given by,=( 17 )While the minimal digressive emphasis at the outer surface of the shell is given by,=( 18 )= -p ( Compressive ) and at=04.0 METHODOLOGY separately of the distant Stationss have direct communicating nexus with themselves and the chief station as shown in fig6 so that any dismay can be received by all the Stationss, including the chief station.4.1 SENSOR NODESThe detector nodes are arranged as shown in fig7. The detector nodes are located at th e in put terminuss of the distant Stationss for security ground.A pierce at pointFin fig 7 will be detected by the detector node at RS2. Since the force per unit area at RS1 is normal, no dismay will be generated at that station. The dismay from RS2 therefore indicates that the puncture is between RS1 and RS2.4.2 CONTROL SIGNALSThe electromotive force end product of the detector is converted to frequence, processed and transmitted through broad country web ( WAN ) ( see Fig 6 ) . At the having terminals, the signal is converted spinal column to electromotive force and used to bring forth dismaies as shown in fig 2. Fig 8 shows the rule of force per unit area amount while fig 9 is that for the flow rate.5.0 DecisionThe communicate monitoring system for the public-service corporations is presented. Some of the detection relays are already available but their control circuits need to be modified in other to conform to the intent. The interesting thing about the theoretical account s is that all the detectors are located indoors manned Stationss. So the fright of illegal fiddling with the detectors elements is eliminated. The dismaies are arranged in such a manner that the vandals are caught incognizant. Nigeria needfully more trained work force in utilizing the orbiter to observe offenses.MentionsKaufmann W Fluid mechanics Tata-McGraw Hill saloon. Coy New Delhi1972Dugdale RH, balusters WS Fluid mechanics. Macdonald and Evans LTD Plymouth, 1977.Sawhney AK. Acourse in electrical/electronic measurings & A instrumentation.Dhanpat Rai & A coy Delhi 2006Moodie, D Costello L, McStay D, Optoelectronic leak sensing system for supervising subsea constructions, in legal proceeding of the SPIE, Vol. 7726, Brussels, Belgium, April 2010Hennigar GW, Leak sensing new engineering that works, Gas Industries 37 ( January ) 1993. Nwilo ad hominem computer, Badejo OT Impacts of oil spillage along Nigerian seashore The Association for Environmental, 2001.Ezechukwu OA, Nnebe S I, Idigo VE, Azubogu AO..Real-time observational Model for Outdoor Wireless Sensor Network. NIEEE proc. Oct. 2013Greg Stanley, Pipeline Diagnosis emphasize Leak Detection An Approach and Demonstration , A White Paper,April 22, 2012.Ezechukwu OA. A theoretical account of distance protection. IJERD Vol 3 Issue10 Sep. 2012Joaquim A.R. Azevedo, Filipe Edgar Santos, Signal Propagation Measurements with radio detector Nodes 2007.