Peak Oil Essay Example for Free

Peak Oil Essay In recent years various scientists, among them petroleum engineer Jean Laherrere and petrogeologists Colin Campbell, have argued that global oil production would peak in the early 2000s. This is known as peak oil, the tipping point in which oil production begins to decline, and is based primarily upon the work of M. King Hubbert, a petrogeologist who worked for Shell Oil Company from the 40s to 60s. (Deffeyes, 2001) Hubbert’s predictions of a dire future for oil were not unprecedented, and many individuals before him had raised alarm over the future of oil, but ultimately turned out to be Cassandras. As such, it is not entirely surprising that any succeeding warnings about oil have been dismissed by both the American public and oil companies themselves. However, controversy over the veracity of his claims ended when U. S. oil production began to decline, ultimately proving him correct. (Deffeyes, 2001) The model used in Hubbert’s peak oil theory has come to be known as the Hubbert curve or Hubbert’s peak. This is because his theory, as he presented it to the American Petroleum Institute, rests on the position that petroleum production in any given territory tends to follow a bell curve. Hubbert based this theory on the observation that the oil reserves in any production site are finite, and that when half of the reserves are gone, extraction rate begins to decline. (Hubbert, 1956) Any given curve has a point of maximum production where the initial pre-peak points on it are where production increases rapidly due to the combination of discovery rate and infrastructural developments, but after the peak, production declines due to the depletion of reserves. In effect, the cost of oil extraction decreases as production approaches peak, but after peak, the cost of oil extraction begins to increase as less oil can be extracted from the reserves. (Campbell Laherrere, 1998) Hubbert’s theory came into widespread currency not only after oil peaked in U. S, but when it was found that the curve fit production models in foreign oil states as well.

romantic love :: essays research papers

I choose to describe the putative relationship between Adam and Caroline in the movie â€Å"Untamed Heart†. It starts off with Caroline in a just ending relationship where she is hung up on the guy that left her. Her friends call her on it and help her refrain from trying to repair it. This guy Adam is a hard working, quiet, shy, very shy especially around Caroline, because he has a serious infatuation about her. Every thing she does he studies. In the beginning of the movie it starts out that he has a deep infatuation with her. He even follows her home without her even knowing, until one day she was almost getting raped, and he saved her because of his infatuation for her. She bandaged him up in her woman caring way and he couldn’t even speak. He just stares at her with a blank look. He has analyzed all of her properties and likes his infatuation of her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Nozick’s Chapter â€Å"Love Bond† he describes what romantic love is and what it is not. I thought this would be a good movie to relate it to because it’s a romantic love story, about a guy that has a serious infatuation of creating a we with Caroline, who is played by Marissa Tomei. Christian Slater plays the guy Adam. For the remainder of this essay I will refer to them by Adam and Caroline. I reinforce my view that Adam has an infatuation or crush on Caroline because he’s always thinking of her, watching her when she doesn’t know. He’s just daydreaming of the we he would like to create with Caroline. This relates to the way Nozick said, â€Å"Love, romantic love, is wanting to form a we with that particular person, feeling, or perhaps wanting, that particular person to be the right one for you to form a we with, and also wanting the other to feel the same way about you.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The guys that tried to rape her obviously had an infatuation with her, for her characteristics only, her looks. Which turned out to be very unhealthy, but gave Adam his chance to prove his love for Caroline. He rescues her then takes her home to her house. She learns of his infatuation of her after this, which seemed to spook her but she knew it was in a sincere caring way. But I mean following her home, and it took him awhile to get the courage to save her from being raped exposing his infatuation.

From Data, Information and Knowledge to Wisdom

From Data, Information and Knowledge to Wisdom The data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) continuum is a concept of the transformation of data into wisdom through cognitive processes. DIKW was initially used to illustrate principles of information management for the designing of information systems (Davenport & Pursak, 1989)(Saltworks, 2009).DIKW models utilized by nursing such as the model by Englebart & Nelson (2002), incorporate principles of increasing complexity due to increasing interactions What is important and unique to nursing is the DIKW concepts and models also help describe the critical thinking processes that nurses use to transform knowledge into the delivery of patient care, into education and learning and also into nursing research (ANA-American Nurses Association, 2008).The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the progression through the four steps of the data, information, knowledge, wisdom continuum that occurs research information to answer a clinical questi on pertinent to nurse practitioner practice. Standardized N nursing Language in Nurse Practitioner Practice The use of electronic information and decision support systems in nursing practice has brought about the introduction of several standardized nursing languages to document and communicate patient care. (McGonigle & Mastria, 2012 ).The identity of the Nurse Practitioner is grounded in nursing practice but has also expanded to include the functions of a physician (O'Connor, Hameister, & Kershaw, 2000). Given the merged identity of the Nurse Practitioner the clinical question is :Would a standardized nursing language adequately document the patient care delivered by a nurse practitioner? The Search for Clinical Data Data are discreet entities that in of themselves have no meaning. The search for data related to the clinical question was conducted through the Walden Library Health Science and Nursing Databases.DATA TO WISDOM 3 Using the search words Nurse Practitioner and Standard ized Nursing Language, both the CINHAL/Medline and the OVID data bases were queried. The search identified 6 articles. According to Bernstein (2009), The Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom hierarchy is based on filtration and reduction, so to select the most relevant articles, the titles and the keywords of the articles were reviewed first. This resulted in one article that did not contain the search words to be elimiated from further review. Translating Clinical Data to InformationTo further evaluate the usefulness of the 5 remaining articles, their abstracts were read to identify any relevant information. Information is data that has some meaning to it. Davenport and Prusak (1989) describes information as data that makes a difference to the receiver of the data. The data which is now aggregated into informational sentences and paragraphs (complete thoughts) reveal that the NANDA Nursing Diagnoses, the Iowa Nursing Interventions, and Iowa Nursing Outcomes Classification SNLs have be en explored for use in Nurse Practitioner practice.This is information as it has context to the reason the literature search is being performed. Linking Information to Knowledge In the DIKW continuum, Knowledge is transformed from Information At the knowledge stage in Englebart's & Nelson's (2002) DIKW model, an increased level of complexity in thinking must occur as a result of the increasing occurrences of interrelationships between information and knowledge (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2012 ).Davenport and Pursak also describe the knowledge stage of the continuum as a level of higher order of thinking and go on to describe some of the higher level thinking actions that turn information into knowledge. DATA TO WISDOM 4 One such action is Comparison i. e. How does this information compare to other known facts ? In this case the information found was about one type of SNL, but it known that there are about 13 different SNLs in existence. Another action is making Connections i. e. How does this information relate to other pertinent topics? In this situation another pertinent topic in NP practice is e-Prescribing.How does the use of an SNL relate to e-prescribing? Thus far the knowledge gleaned is not enough information has been found to answer the clinical question as written. Wisdom—Knowledge Applied in Meaningful Ways. Can informatics be used to gain wisdom? Interestingly the concept of wisdom has been eliminated from many DIKW models (DIK models) because according to Davenport and Prusak(1989) there is â€Å"enough difficulty distinguishing among the three related concepts of data, information and knowledge† and so â€Å"higher-order concepts such as wisdom and insight have been lumped into the category of knowledge†.There are differences in defining what wisdom is. According to Bernstien (2009) â€Å"wisdom means an ability to see the long-term consequences of any act†. Or wisdom is knowing when and how to apply knowledge to complex pr oblems or needs (Englebart & Nelson, 2012). In this case Wisdom is knowing that more research needs to be done on the topic of SNL's and NP practice in order to determine if standardized nursing language adequately applies to NP practice. It is what nurses do with the information available or lack of information available in informatic systems that creates wise decision making.Summary In nursing, Data- Information- Knowledge-Wisdom continuum models help depict the critical thinking nurses use to provide patient care. In information science DIKW models depict information management systems. DATA TO WISDOM 5 Data and Information can be stored in the databases of information systems in the forms of numbers, symbols and words that in of themselves have no meaning. It is only when data and information have context and meaning and are correctly applied to a problem that they are transformed into Knowledge and Wisdom in the minds of the users of these information systems. DATA TO WISDOM 6 References American Nurses Association. (2008). Nursing informatics: Scope & standards of practice. Silver Springs, MD Bernstein, J. H. ( 2009) The Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom Hierarchy and its Antithesis.Retrieved from http://arizona. openrepository. com/arizona/handle/10150/105414 Davenport, T. , Prusak, L. (1998) Excerpt of Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Retrieved from http://wang. ist. psu. edu/course/05/IST597/papers/ Davenport_know. pdf McGonigle, D. & Mastrian, K. G. (2012). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (2nd ed. ). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. O'Connor, N. A. , Hameister, A. D. , Kershaw, T. (2000). Application of Standardized Nursing Language to Describe Adult Nurse Practitioner Practice. Nursing Diagnosis Magazine. Copyright 1999 Nursecom, Inc. Retrieved from www. highbeam. com The Data-Information-Knowledge Continuum. The Saltworks Blog Archive. Retrieved from http://www. datamobilitygroup. com/saltwor ks/archives/76

What are Subcultures - 1788 Words

Introduction Subcultures are smaller groups of a larger culture that have similar and unique values but also possess some differences to the common culture. There are many different subcultures such as social class, age cohorts, gender, and religious subculture. Nowadays, subcultures are becoming important to brands because it leads to a better orientation to market a product or service. This assignment will focus on the age cohorts’ subculture, namely Generation Y. Surprisingly, â€Å"Millennials has 21% of consumer discretionary purchases, which is estimated over a trillion dollars in direct buying power and a huge influence on older generations† (Milleniall Marketing, 2014). It is the generation of people born during the 1980s and early†¦show more content†¦The use of emotion in this ad conveyed the positive emotion and appealed to excitement and joy of Generation Y. By doing so, Rexona struck a strong chord with the members of Generation Y who do not dare to do more du e to lack confident about their body. When using Rexona, they can do whatever they want, not paying attention to others. Interestingly, the ad has excellent results. The emotion in the ad transferred to the brand, which leads to brand perception. Moreover, it also enhanced Rexona’s image and generated memorability to the customers. 3. Discuss the linkages between brand attributes, consequences of using the brand and the values that characterise members of the subculture. A means-end chain is a helpful framework in order for the brand to communicate more effectively with customers. The means-end chaining includes three major components: brand attributes the consequences of using the brand and customers’ terminal values (Chitty, Barker Shimp, 2012). In the case of Rexona, there are many attributes relating to Generation Y’s terminal value. Two first attributes are the protection against odour and the protection against wetness, which leads them to be more confident. Body odour and underarm sweating are never pleasant, especially to Millenials who are physically active. Moreover, the body odour and excessive wetness affect negatively Generation Y’s daily activities. It makes them get an inferiority complex and becomeShow MoreRelatedPolitical Continuities Of The State Of Texas1040 Words   |  5 Pages2306-212 23 April 2017 Political Subcultures Residing in Texas In the United States, there are 3 different political subcultures. These three different political subcultures that make the United States what it is are the individualistic, moralistic and the traditionalistic subcultures. In the great state of Texas, the most common political subculture would have to be a mix between the traditionalistic and the individualistic subculture. In the individualistic subculture, there are many ways that it canRead MoreSubcultures And Its Influence On Contemporary Society1562 Words   |  7 PagesHistorically, subcultures found its definition originating in the early 1800s, with examples such as bohemia and another example(ref). Whether subcultures still have an identifiable existence in today’s contemporary society is contentious pertaining to its difficulty in actual measurement. It is important to look from a historical perspective at the features that define a subculture, and gives it the unique identity that constitutes some discernible traits that differ from conventional society. ThisRead MoreSubculture Analysis Essay example1142 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Description of a Subculture: Gymnastics Competitive Team Culture is the ways of thinking, acting and the material objects that form a people’s way of life. 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It takes time for a subculture to be accepted by our society today. Once it is accepted, membership in subculture grows as more people feel comfortable joining a mainstream subculture such as volleyball. However,Read MoreSubculture : A Cultural Group Within A Larger Culture1384 Words   |  6 PagesOxford Dictionary defines a subculture as a â€Å"cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture† (Oxford Dictionaries). We are all part of a subculture at some point in our lives whether it is when we were at school, university or at work, we have or will be involved in a â€Å"subculture† that gives us a sense of belonging and allows us to express our personalities through different means. The importance of one’s clothing, views orRead MoreInfluence Of The Lolita Subculture1360 Words   |  6 PagesMy passion for Japanese culture is what sparked my interest in the Lolita subculture. Despite how cute, fun, an accepting popular Japanese culture appeared, I have always viewed Lolitas as uptight, and rude. Lolitas always appeared to me to be people who saw the world through a Victorian perspective . It was not until I considered researching the subculture that I found out that Lolita fashion had nothing to do with looking and or acting Victorian, but instead expressed an individual purpose in theRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime And Criminal Behavior1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthe persons perceptions of what they would classify as ‘crime’ and what is regarded as criminal behaviour (crime and criminology). There is also no straightforward way of explaining what criminal behaviour is, as it can be something that breaks the law. However, there may be many reasons or circumstances for this action, which take a criminal act and decriminalises it. One of the three criminological theories that will be discussed and explored is Subcultures. Subcultures emerge as a means of solvingRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Subcultures of Hip Hop and Punk903 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast of Subcultures: Hip Hop and Punk South University Online Compare and Contrast of Subcultures: Hip Hop and Punk Differences in beliefs and values from what the â€Å"norm† considers the right way makes you a subculture, but what makes them unique are the instruments they use to make their voice heard. While most people have taken for granted their language, beliefs and values there are some who within their subculture use their music to escape forms of oppression and lack of freedom